Publications

The smallest functional antibody fragment: Ultralong CDR H3 antibody knob regions potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. 
Huang R, Warner Jenkins G, Kim Y, Stanfield RL, Singh A, Martinez-Yamout M, Kroon GJ, Torres JL, Jackson AM, Kelley A, Shaabani N, Zeng B, Bacica M, Chen W, Warner C, Radoicic J, Joh J, Dinali Perera K, Sang H, Kim T, Yao J, Zhao F, Sok D, Burton DR, Allen J, Harriman W, Mwangi W, Chung D, Teijaro JR, Ward AB, Dyson HJ, Wright PE, Wilson IA, Chang KO, McGregor D, Smider VV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Sep 26;120(39):e2303455120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2303455120. Epub 2023 Sep 18.
Editorial: Does selection against autoreactive B cells limit affinity maturation to pathogens? 
Diaz M, Verkoczy L. Front Immunol. 2023 Oct 4;14:1294532. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294532.
Germline-targeting HIV-1 Env vaccination induces VRC01-class antibodies with rare insertions. 
Caniels TG, Medina-Ramírez M, Zhang J, Sarkar A, Kumar S, LaBranche A, Derking R, Allen JD, Snitselaar JL, Capella-Pujol J, Sánchez IDM, Yasmeen A, Diaz M, Aldon Y, Bijl TPL, Venkatayogi S, Martin Beem JS, Newman A, Jiang C, Lee WH, Pater M, Burger JA, van Breemen MJ, de Taeye SW, Rantalainen K, LaBranche C, Saunders KO, Montefiori D, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Crispin M, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Haynes BF, Wilson IA, Wiehe K, Verkoczy L, Sanders RW. Cell Rep Med. 2023 Apr 18;4(4):101003. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101003. Epub 2023 Apr 11.
A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies. 
Bibollet-Ruche F, Russell RM, Ding W, Liu W, Li Y, Wagh K, Wrapp D, Habib R, Skelly AN, Roark RS, Sherrill-Mix S, Wang S, Rando J, Lindemuth E, Cruickshank K, Park Y, Baum R, Carey JW, Connell AJ, Li H, Giorgi EE, Song GS, Ding S, Finzi A, Newman A, Hernandez GE, Machiele E, Cain DW, Mansouri K, Lewis MG, Montefiori DC, Wiehe KJ, Alam SM, Teng IT, Kwong PD, Andrabi R, Verkoczy L, Burton DR, Korber BT, Saunders KO, Haynes BF, Edwards RJ, Shaw GM, Hahn BH. mBio. 2023 Feb 28;14(1):e0337022. doi: 10.1128/mbio.03370-22. Epub 2023 Jan 11.
Evolution of immunogenetic components encoding ultralong CDR H3. 
Ott JA, Mitchell C, Sheppard M, Deiss TC, Horton JMC, Haakenson JK, Huang R, Kelley AR, Davis BW, Derr JN, Smider VV, Criscitiello MF. Immunogenetics. 2023 Aug;75(4):323-339. doi: 10.1007/s00251-023-01305-9. Epub 2023 Apr 21. PMID: 37084012
Autoreactivity and broad neutralization of antibodies against HIV-1 are governed by distinct mutations: Implications for vaccine design strategies. 
Li X, Liao D, Li Z, Li J, Diaz M, Verkoczy L, Gao F. Front Immunol. 2022 Nov 18;13:977630. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977630.
B cells expressing IgM B cell receptors of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies discriminate antigen affinities by sensing binding association rates. 
Hossain MA, Anasti K, Watts B, Cronin K, Derking R, Groschel B, Kane AP, Edwards RJ, Easterhoff D, Zhang J, Rountree W, Ortiz Y, Saunders K, Schief WR, Sanders RW, Verkoczy L, Reth M, Alam SM. Cell Rep. 2022 Jun 28;39(13):111021. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111021.
Germline-Encoded Positional Cysteine Polymorphisms Enhance Diversity in Antibody Ultralong CDR H3 Regions. 
Jenkins GW, Safonova Y, Smider VV. J Immunol. 2022 Dec 1;209(11):2141-2148. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200455.
Evolution of surrogate light chain in tetrapods and the relationship between lengths of CDR H3 and VpreB tails. 
Ott JA, Haakenson JK, Kelly AR, Christian C, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 13;13:1001134. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001134.
Structures of the T cell potassium channel Kv1.3 with immunoglobulin modulators. 
Selvakumar P, Fernández-Mariño AI, Khanra N, He C, Paquette AJ, Wang B, Huang R, Smider VV, Rice WJ, Swartz KJ, Meyerson JR. Nat Commun. 2022 Jul 4;13(1):3854. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31285-5.
Milking the Cow: Cattle-Derived Chimeric Ultralong CDR-H3 Antibodies and Their Engineered CDR-H3-Only Knobbody Counterparts Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Elicit Potent NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. 
Pekar L, Klewinghaus D, Arras P, Carrara SC, Harwardt J, Krah S, Yanakieva D, Toleikis L, Smider VV, Kolmar H, Zielonka S. Front Immunol. 2021 Oct 25;12:742418. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742418.
Engineering well-expressed, V2-immunofocusing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein membrane trimers for use in heterologous prime-boost vaccine regimens. 
Crooks ET, Almanza F, D’Addabbo A, Duggan E, Zhang J, Wagh K, Mou H, Allen JD, Thomas A, Osawa K, Korber BT, Tsybovsky Y, Cale E, Nolan J, Crispin M, Verkoczy LK, Binley JM. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Oct 22;17(10):e1009807. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009807.
Diversity of ACE2 and its interaction with SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. 
Low-Gan J, Huang R, Kelley A, Jenkins GW, McGregor D, Smider VV. Biochem J. 2021 Oct 15;478(19):3671-3684. doi: 10.1042/BCJ20200908.
SARS-CoV-2 variant evolution in the United States: High accumulation of viral mutations over time likely through serial Founder Events and mutational bursts. 
Tasakis RN, Samaras G, Jamison A, Lee M, Paulus A, Whitehouse G, Verkoczy L, Papavasiliou FN, Diaz M. PLoS One. 2021 Jul 23;16(7):e0255169. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255169.
The Role of IgM Antibodies in T Cell Lymphoma Protection in a Novel Model Resembling Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. 
Jiang C, Zhao ML, Ramos L, Dobaczewska K, Herbert R, Hobbie K, Mikulski Z, Verkoczy L, Diaz M. J Immunol. 2021 May 15;206(10):2468-2477. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001279. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
Structural basis of broad HIV neutralization by a vaccine-induced cow antibody. 
Stanfield RL, Berndsen ZT, Huang R, Sok D, Warner G, Torres JL, Burton DR, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Smider VV. Sci Adv. 2020 May 27;6(22):eaba0468. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0468
Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction. 
Bradley T, Kuraoka M, Yeh CH, Tian M, Chen H, Cain DW, Chen X, Cheng C, Ellebedy AH, Parks R, Barr M, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Santra S, Wiehe K, Lewis MG, Ogbe A, Borrow P, Montefiori D, Bonsignori M, Anthony Moody M, Verkoczy L, Saunders KO, Ahmed R, Mascola JR, Kelsoe G, Alt FW, Haynes BF. Nat Commun. 2020 Feb 19;11(1):948. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14670-w.
Formation of ultralong DH regions through genomic rearrangement. 
Smider BA, Smider VV. BMC Immunol. 2020 Jun 2;21(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s12865-020-00359-8.
Targeted selection of HIV-specific antibody mutations by engineering B cell maturation. 
Saunders KO, Wiehe K, Tian M, Acharya P, Bradley T, Alam SM, Go EP, Scearce R, Sutherland L, Henderson R, Hsu AL, Borgnia MJ, Chen H, Lu X, Wu NR, Watts B, Jiang C, Easterhoff D, Cheng HL, McGovern K, Waddicor P, Chapdelaine-Williams A, Eaton A, Zhang J, Rountree W, Verkoczy L, Tomai M, Lewis MG, Desaire HR, Edwards RJ, Cain DW, Bonsignori M, Montefiori D, Alt FW, Haynes BF. Science. 2019 Dec 6;366(6470):eaay7199. doi: 10.1126/science.aay7199.
A Broad Role for Cysteines in Bovine Antibody Diversity.
Haakenson JK, Deiss TC, Warner GF, Mwangi W, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Immunohorizons. 2019 Oct 16;3(10):478-487
Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire.
Haakenson JK, Huang R, Smider VV. Front Immunol. 2018 Jun 4;9:1262.
The Unusual Genetics and Biochemistry of Bovine Immunoglobulins.
Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Deiss TC, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Smider VV. Adv Immunol. 2018;137:135-164.

Immunogenetic factors driving formation of ultralong VH CDR3 in Bos taurus antibodies.

Deiss TC, Vadnais M, Wang F, Chen PL, Torkamani A, Mwangi W, Lefranc MP, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV.

Cell Mol Immunol. 2019 Jan;16(1):53-64.

Rapid elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV by immunization in cows.
Sok D, Le KM, Vadnais M, Saye-Francisco KL, Jardine JG, Torres JL, Berndsen ZT, Kong L, Stanfield R, Ruiz J, Ramos A, Liang CH, Chen PL, Criscitiello MF, Mwangi W, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Smider VV, Burton DR. Nature. 2017 Aug 3;548(7665):108-111.
SMI-Ribosome inactivating protein conjugates selectively inhibit tumor cell growth.
Roy S, Axup JY, Forsyth JS, Goswami RK, Hutchins BM, Bajuri KM, Kazane SA, Smider VV, Felding BH, Sinha SC. Chem Commun (Camb). 2017 Apr 11;53(30):4234-4237.
Distinct antibody species: structural differences creating therapeutic opportunities.
Muyldermans S, Smider VV. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016 Jun;40:7-13.
Antibody microarrays utilizing site-specific antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates.
Wold ED, McBride R, Axup JY, Kazane SA, Smider VV. Bioconjug Chem. 2015 May 20;26(5):807-11.
Unnatural amino acids in novel antibody conjugates.
Hallam TJ, Smider VV. Future Med Chem. 2014 Jul;6(11):1309-24. er RA, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 17;106(11):4337-42.
A genetically encoded aza-Michael acceptor for covalent cross-linking of protein-receptor complexes.
Furman JL, Kang M, Choi S, Cao Y, Wold ED, Sun SB, Smider VV, Schultz PG, Kim CH. J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Jun 11;136(23):8411-7.
Recruiting cytotoxic T cells to folate-receptor-positive cancer cells.
Kularatne SA, Deshmukh V, Gymnopoulos M, Biroc SL, Xia J, Srinagesh S, Sun Y, Zou N, Shimazu M, Pinkstaff J, Ensari S, Knudsen N, Manibusan A, Axup J, Kim C, Smider V, Javahishvili T, Schultz PG. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Nov 11;52(46):12101-12104.
A structurally distinct human mycoplasma protein that generically blocks antigen-antibody union.
Grover RK, Zhu X, Nieusma T, Jones T, Boreo I, MacLeod AS, Mark A, Niessen S, Kim HJ, Kong L, Assad-Garcia N, Kwon K, Chesi M, Smider VV, Salomon DR, Jelinek DF, Kyle RA, Pyles RB, Glass JI, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Lerner RA. Science. 2014 Feb 7;343(6171):656-661.
Bispecific small molecule-antibody conjugate targeting prostate cancer.
Kim CH, Axup JY, Lawson BR, Yun H, Tardif V, Choi SH, Zhou Q, Dubrovska A, Biroc SL, Marsden R, Pinstaff J, Smider VV, Schultz PG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 29;110(44):17796-801.
Functional antibody CDR3 fusion proteins with enhanced pharmacological properties.
Zhang Y, Wang D, de Lichtervelde L, Sun SB, Smider VV, Schultz PG, Wang F. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Aug 5;52(32):8295-8.
Reshaping antibody diversity.
Wang F, Ekiert DC, Ahmad I, Yu W, Zhang Y, Bazirgan O, Torkamani A, Raudsepp T, Mwangi W, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Cell. 2013 Jun 6;153(6):1379-93.
Self-assembled antibody multimers through peptide nucleic acid conjugation.
Kazane SA, Axup JY, Kim CH, Ciobanu M, Wold ED, Barluenga S, Hutchins BA, Schultz PG, Winssinger N, Smider VV. J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Jan 9;135(1):340-6. 
Synthesis of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates using unnatural amino acids.
Axup JY, Bajjuri KM, Ritland M, Hutchins BM, Kim CH, Kazane SA, Halder R, Forsyth JS, Santidrian AF, Stafin K, Lu Y, Tran H, Seller AJ, Biroc SL, Szydlik A, Pinkstaff JK, Tian F, Sinha SC, Felding-Habermann B, Smider VV, Schultz PG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 2;109(40):16101-6.
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays for protein-DNA complexes involved in DNA repair.
Tsai C, Smider V, Hwang BJ, Chu G. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;920:53-78.
Synthesis of bispecific antibodies using genetically encoded unnatural amino acids.
Kim CH, Axup JY, Dubrovska A, Kazane SA, Hutchins BA, Wold ED, Smider VV, Schultz PG. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jun 20;134(24):9918-21.
Arrayed protein library technology for therapeutic biologic discovery.
Mao H, Graziano J, Smider VV. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2012;28:131-45.
Site-specific DNA-antibody conjugates for specific and sensitive immuno-PCR.
Kazane SA, Sok D, Cho EH, Uson ML, Kuhn P, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 6;109(10):3731-6.
Selective formation of covalent protein heterodimers with an unnatural amino acid.
Hutchins BM, Kazane SA, Staflin K, Forsyth JS, Felding-Habermann B, Smider VV, Schultz PG. Chem Biol. 2011 Mar 25;18(3):299-303.
Site-specific coupling and sterically controlled formation of multimeric antibody fab fragments with unnatural amino acids.
Hutchins BM, Kazane SA, Staflin K, Forsyth JS, Felding-Habermann B, Schultz PG, Smider VV. J Mol Biol. 2011 Mar 4;406(4):595-603.
Spatially addressed combinatorial protein libraries for recombinant antibody discovery and optimization.
Mao H, Graziano JJ, Chase TM, Bentley CA, Bazirgan OA, Reddy NP, Song BD, Smider VV. Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Nov;28(11):1195-202.
A human germ line antibody light chain with hydrolytic properties associated with multimerization status.
Sharma V, Heriot W, Trisler K, Smider V. J Biol Chem. 2009 Nov 27;284(48):33079-87.
Mutagenesis and evolution of sulfated antibodies using an expanded genetic code.
Liu CC, Choe H, Farzan M, Smider VV, Schultz PG. Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 22;48(37):8891-8. doi: 10.1021/bi9011429.
Evolution of proteins with genetically encoded “chemical warheads”.
Liu CC, Mack AV, Brustad EM, Mills JH, Groff D, Smider VV, Schultz PG. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 22;131(28):9616-7.
Mechanistic studies of the immunochemical termination of self-tolerance with unnatural amino acids.
Grünewald J, Hunt GS, Dong L, Niessen F, Wen BG, Tsao ML, Perera R, Kang M, Laffitte BA, Azarian S, Ruf W, Nasoff M, Lerner RA, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 17;106(11):4337-42.
Protein evolution with an expanded genetic code.
Liu CC, Mack AV, Tsao ML, Mills JH, Lee HS, Choe H, Farzan M, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17688-93.
Immunochemical termination of self-tolerance.
Grünewald J, Tsao ML, Perera R, Dong L, Niessen F, Wen BG, Kubitz DM, Smider VV, Ruf W, Nasoff M, Lerner RA, Schultz PG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105(32):11276-80.
A metalloantibody that irreversibly binds a protein antigen.
Trisler K, Looger LL, Sharma V, Baker M, Benson DE, Trauger S, Schultz PG, Smider VV. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 7;282(36):26344-53.
Co-expression of antibody fab heavy and light chain genes from separate evolved compatible replicons in E. coli.
Leonard B, Sharma V, Smider V. J Immunol Methods. 2006 Dec 20;317(1-2):56-63.
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays to study protein binding to damaged DNA.
Smider V, Hwang BJ, Chu G. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;314:323-44.

Directed evolution and identification of control regions of ColE1 plasmid replication origins using only nucleotide deletions.

Kim D, Rhee Y, Rhodes D, Sharma V, Sorenson O, Greener A, Smider V.

J Mol Biol. 2005 Aug 26;351(4):763-75.

Failure of hairpin-ended and nicked DNA To activate DNA-dependent protein kinase: implications for V(D)J recombination.
Smider V, Rathmell WK, Brown G, Lewis S, Chu G. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Nov;18(11):6853-8.
Ku86 defines the genetic defect and restores X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination to complementation group 5 hamster cell mutants.
Errami A, Smider V, Rathmell WK, He DM, Hendrickson EA, Zdzienicka MZ, Chu G. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Apr;16(4):1519-26.
Restoration of X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination in mutant cells by Ku cDNA.
Smider V, Rathmell WK, Lieber MR, Chu G. Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):288-91.